LL-37

LL-37 Structure

Authoritative source：Pubchem

What is LL-37 peptide？

LL-37, also known as cathelicidin, is a naturally occurring peptide produced by neutrophils, monocytes, mast cells and epithelial cells, and it is also the first amphipathic α-helical peptide isolated from humans.

It is a member of the cathelicidin peptide family. cathelicidin peptides are small molecules that play a key role in the immune system’s response to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.

LL-37 can affect planktonic bacteria and bacteria in biofilms, viruses such as HIV and fungi, and can neutralize LPS and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In addition to its cathelicidin effects, LL-37 participates in innate immunity by regulating cytokines and chemokines produced by multiple cell types, chemoattracting various immune effector cells and mesenchymal stem cells, and modulating autophagy together with vitamin D. Interface of immunity and adaptive immunity, and stimulates angiogenesis and wound healing. LL-37 is cytotoxic to both bacteria and normal eukaryotic cells and is remarkably resistant to proteolytic degradation in solution.

Not only that, more and more experimental evidence shows that LL-37 also plays an important role in cancer. LL-37 can induce carcinogenesis in ovarian cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and other cancers. In contrast, LL-37 showed anticancer effects in colon cancer, gastric cancer, and hematologic malignancies.

Due to its dual antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, LL-37 has attracted medical research interest for its potential applications in the treatment of infections, wound healing, and even convenience in certain immune diseases. Scientists are studying its mechanism of action and exploring ways to harness its properties for therapeutic purposes.[3][4]

How dose LL-37 peptide plays a role in immune regulation?

LL-37 affects the behavior of immune cells and other cells involved in the immune response. It can bind to various receptors on immune cells, thereby modulating their activity. Some effects of the immunomodulatory properties of LL-37 include:

Chemotaxis: LL-37 can attract immune cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, to sites of infection or inflammation. This helps increase the concentration of immune cells in the area, increasing the body’s ability to fight infection.

Activates immune cells: LL-37 can activate certain immune cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells. This activation leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the immune response.

Wound Healing: LL-37 promotes wound healing by stimulating migration and proliferation of skin cells. It also regulates the production of factors important for tissue repair and regeneration.

Anti-inflammatory effects: While LL-37 may promote inflammation by stimulating the release of cytokines, it also has anti-inflammatory properties that help balance the immune response. It inhibits the production of excess pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can be harmful if left unchecked.[5][6]

How does LL-37 work?

LL-37 belongs to the cathelicidin family of AMPs. It acts through a combination of direct cathelicidin activity and immunomodulation, allowing it to play a multifaceted role in the immune response against infection. Here’s how it works

cathelicidin activity: LL-37 is able to directly interact with the cell membranes of various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. LL-37 is positively charged, and it does this by binding to negatively charged components of microbial cell membranes, such as lipopolysaccharide in bacteria or the viral envelope in viruses. This interaction disrupts the integrity of the cell membrane, leading to leakage of cell contents and ultimately the death of the microbe. This antimicrobial effect is particularly effective against a variety of pathogens, making LL-37 an important part of the innate immune system’s defense mechanism.

Authoritative source：Pubchem

Immunomodulation: LL-37’s ability to bridge the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as its role in maintaining a balanced immune reaction, is indeed crucial for effective immune defense and overall immune system stability. Its involvement in recruiting immune cells to infection sites, modulating both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and promoting adaptive immunity highlights its multifaceted contribution to the immune system’s functioning.[7][8]

It’s worth emphasizing that disruptions in the expression, processing, or functioning of LL-37 can indeed lead to immune-related abnormalities. For example, deficiencies in LL-37 production or dysfunction can result in compromised antimicrobial defenses, impaired wound healing, and potentially an increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, overexpression of LL-37 might contribute to chronic inflammation or autoimmune conditions.

Understanding the delicate balance that LL-37 helps maintain within the immune system is key to appreciating its significance in both health and disease. Researchers continue to investigate LL-37’s precise mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications in various medical contexts, ranging from infectious diseases to autoimmune disorders.

What are the benefits of LL-37?

LL-37, a naturally occurring cathelicidin peptide, offers a range of benefits due to its unique properties. Its significance lies in its ability to bolster the immune system, regulate inflammation, promote wound healing, and potentially address various health concerns. Here’s a clear breakdown of its benefits:

LL-37 for Antimicrobial Defense: LL-37 directly combats infections by disrupting the membranes of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This makes it an effective alternative to antibiotics, particularly in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. By controlling microbial growth, LL-37 helps prevent and manage infections.[9][10]

LL-37 for Immune System Support: LL-37 enhances immune function by attracting immune cells to the infection site, stimulating immune cell production, and promoting their activation. This bridges the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to a more effective defense against pathogens.

LL-37 for Inflammation Regulation: LL-37 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing pathways that trigger excessive inflammation. This balancing act is crucial in preventing chronic inflammation, which is linked to various health issues, and maintaining a healthy immune response.

LL-37 for Wound Healing Promotion: LL-37 accelerates wound healing by stimulating cell migration, proliferation, and new blood vessel formation. Its role in tissue repair makes it valuable in addressing injuries and promoting faster recovery from wounds.[11][12]

LL-37 for Disease Management Potential: Research suggests LL-37’s involvement in managing tick-borne illnesses, microbial infections, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Its diverse effects hint at its potential as a therapeutic agent in these conditions.

LL-37 for Reduced Antibiotic Resistance Risk: LL-37’s mechanism of action makes it less prone to causing antibiotic resistance compared to traditional antibiotics. This lowers the risk of creating drug-resistant strains of pathogens.

In essence, LL-37’s benefits stem from its antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and potential disease-fighting properties. As a multifunctional peptide, it showcases promise as a versatile tool in addressing a range of health concerns while minimizing the drawbacks associated with conventional treatments.[13][14]

Side Effects of LL-37 Peptide

Because studies of LL-37 are still ongoing, regulatory agencies such as the FDA may not have fully evaluated it as a drug, so limited data are available on its side effects.

The side effects of this peptide are not serious or harmful to health, most side effects are related to the peptide not being effective or not being able to fight infection.

Dosage of LL-37 peptide

There is no set dose for the current use of LL-37, and the dose depends on the severity of the infectious disease you are treating. It is very important to consult a qualified healthcare professional before considering the use of LL-37. They can provide personalized guidance based on your health history, current medications, and individual health needs.[15]

LL-37 is cathelicidins peptide that not only has antimicrobial activity, as well as has the function of immune regulation. If you are interested in buying LL-37, Polypeptide.ltd is the best place.

Being the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides, LL-37 plays a important role in the antimicrobial.  As the best LL-37 peptide manufacturer, Polypeptide.ltd is not only supply the peptide LL-37 in powder form but provide the customized standard easy use vial form.

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Does LL-37 Peptide Work?

Yes, LL-37 peptide has proven effectiveness in various aspects of immune defense and disease management.

It is produced naturally in the body by different types of cells, including bone marrow cells, epithelial cells, and cells of the gastrointestinal tract. It plays a vital role in protecting every part of the body from harmful bacteria, pathogens and chronic diseases. It acts as a defense mechanism against bad bacteria, preventing their accumulation and potential damage.

Peptides like LL-37 work by releasing specific proteins that enhance body function rather than cause harm. This selective action makes them an effective tool for targeting harmful microbes and improving the overall immune response.

LL-37 has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of conditions:

▪Antiviral and Antifungal Activity: LL-37 has antiviral and antifungal activity, helping to fight infections caused by these pathogens.

▪Bacterial Invasion: It regulates bacterial invasion and helps control and manage bacterial infections.

▪Respiratory syncytial virus: LL-37’s antiviral properties extend to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which can cause severe respiratory infections.

▪Contraceptive treatment: LL-37 has potential application in contraceptive treatment, offering a unique method of contraception.

▪Gastrointestinal Issues: It addresses gastrointestinal issues by maintaining a healthy balance of gut microbes.

▪Skin and Wound Healing: LL-37 promotes skin health and wound healing, supporting tissue repair and regeneration.

▪Cancer (certain conditions): LL-37 has demonstrated anti-cancer abilities, especially gastric/intestinal cancers. Research suggests it has the potential to downregulate certain factors associated with cancer progression.

Therefore, this peptide has received increasing attention in medical research.

Understanding LL 37 is critical because of its potential to treat serious infectious diseases and infections.

What is the function of the peptide LL-37?

Human cathelicidin LL-37 plays a key role in the innate immune system defense against bacterial infection. LL-37 can interact with cell wall molecules and penetrate the plasma membrane, leading to bacterial cell death.

What is the difference between defensins and cathelicidins?

Defensins and cathelicidins are both types of antimicrobial peptides, but they differ in their structure, origin, and mechanisms of action within the immune system. Here’s a breakdown of the differences between defensins and cathelicidins:

Defensins:

Structure: Defensins are a family of small peptides characterized by their specific arrangement of six cysteine residues that form three disulfide bonds. These bonds help stabilize the structure of defensins.

Origins: Defensins are produced by various cells, including epithelial cells (skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tract), neutrophils, and other immune cells.

Cellular Locations: Defensins are found on mucosal surfaces (lining body cavities exposed to the external environment) as well as in neutrophil granules.

Mechanism of Action: Defensins primarily exert their antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes. They interact with the negatively charged components of microbial membranes, leading to membrane permeabilization and cell death.

Variants: Defensins can be categorized into alpha and beta defensins, based on the arrangement of disulfide bonds and the spacing of cysteine residues.

Cathelicidins:

Structure: Cathelicidins are a diverse group of peptides with varying lengths and structures. They typically contain a conserved cathelin domain at their N-terminus, which can be cleaved to release the active antimicrobial peptide.

Origins: Cathelicidins are mainly produced by various immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, as well as by certain epithelial cells.

Cellular Locations: Cathelicidins are stored as inactive precursors in granules within immune cells, and they can be released upon activation.

Mechanism of Action: Cathelicidins have a multifunctional role. They not only possess antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial membranes but also exhibit immunomodulatory functions. They can influence immune cell behavior, promote wound healing, and modulate inflammation.

Variants: Different species produce different forms of cathelicidins, and the peptides themselves can undergo various modifications that impact their activity.

In summary, while both defensins and cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides that contribute to the body’s immune defense, they have distinct structural features, origins, cellular locations, and mechanisms of action. Their combined actions play a vital role in protecting the body against infections and maintaining immune system balance.