Melanotan 2
Other names：Melanotan-II, MT II, MT2, Melanotan 2
Polypeptide Melanotan II, also known as MT-2, is a synthetic version of the peptide hormone -melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which is a naturally occurring molecule in your body that is responsible for the creation of skin-darkening pigments known as melanin. It functions by attaching to melanocortin receptors. Melanotan 2 binds to MC-1R to promote skin and hair darkening. It also increases sexual excitement in women and encourages penile erection by tying to the MC-4R.
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Sequence: | Nle-Asp(1)-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys(1) |
Molecular Formula: | C50H69N15O9 |
Molecular Weight: | 1024.198 g/mol |
PubChem CID: | 92432 |
CAS Number: | 121062-08-6 |
Synonyms: | Melanotan-II, MT II, MT2, Melanotan 2 |
Melanotan 2 Peptide Structure
Authoritative source：PubChem
What is Peptide Melanotan II (MT2)?
Melanotan II, also known as Melanotan 2, MT2, MT-2, and MT-II, is a peptide designed to replicate the structure and properties of a naturally occurring hormone known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). MSH plays a role in skin pigmentation, energy balance, sexual function, the immunological system, inflammation, and cardiovascular function.[1][2]
Melanotan II (MT2) is comparable to Melanotan I (Afamelanotide) and Scenesse, which are FDA authorized as an under-the-skin implant for the prevention of phototoxicity in individuals with Erythropoetic Protoporphyria.
MT2 was first developed in the 1980s by University of Arizona researchers, who were looking to clarify the nature and role of the melanocortin receptors in physiological functions. Namely, the peptide was intended to be used as a sunless tanning agent, but was subsequently found to strongly affect sexual function and appetite.
Melanotan 2 (MT-II) should not be confused with another α-MSH analogue, melanotan I (MT-I), which is a linear peptide of 13 amino acids in length. MT-I is identical to α-MSH except that it features norleucine instead of methionine in the fourth position, and D-phenylalanine instead of L-phenylalanine in the seventh position.In contrast, MT II is a cyclic truncated peptide of just seven amino acids and features a lactam ring.
How does Melanotan II(MT2) Work on our body?
Melanotan II is up to 1000 times more powerful than endogenous -MSH, attaching to melanocortin receptors to various degrees and causing a variety of effects. Melanotan-II (MT2) works by interacting with specific receptors in the body, primarily the melanocortin receptors, to produce its effects. Here is a list of the receptors involved:
MC1R: Melanocytes, which produce pigment in the skin, hair follicles, and eyes, are the primary cells that express MC1R. The activation of MC1R by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH) promotes melanin production and distribution, resulting in skin and hair pigmentation.
MC2R: It is present mostly in the adrenal glands, specifically in the outer layer known as the adrenal cortex. It is essential for the generation and release of cortisol, a hormone implicated in stress reactions and a variety of metabolic activities.
MC3R: It is found throughout the central nervous system, including sites important in hunger regulation and energy balance, such as the hypothalamus. It is also prevalent in peripheral tissues such as the GI tract and adipose tissue.[3][4]
MC4R: It is found mostly in the brain, notably in areas linked with hunger control, such as the hypothalamus. It is essential for controlling food intake and energy expenditure. Mutations in the MC4R gene have been linked to inherited forms of obesity.
MC5R: MC5R is found in a variety of tissues, including the skin, hair follicles, immune cells, and exocrine glands. Its precise roles are currently being researched.
It is worth noting that the MC1R is nearly entirely a pigment receptor that is present on cells where pigmentation is known to be significant, such as the eyes. To avoid the sunless tanning characteristics of melanocortins, it would be critical to avoid binding to this receptor. Though MT2 binds to MC1R with less affinity than MT1 or -MSH, it nevertheless binds and causes skin pigmentation.
The MC3R, like the MC4R, is broadly distributed in the central nervous system. These two receptors are expected to be of considerable importance in the future since they are most likely to govern the effects of melanocortin on things like behavior. One of the primary goals of melanotan 2 and other melanocortin research is to understand how these receptors work and how they may be precisely targeted.
What are the possible benefits of Melanotan II(MT2)?
Melanotan II has been formally investigated in clinical trials for tanning and erectile dysfunction benefits. However, research into melanocortins and MT-II is still ongoing, and there is a substantial and rising body of evidence pointing to a wide range of additional physiological activities that MT-II can beneficially affect. For your convenience, below are some probable MT-II benefits:
- Melanogenesis is a process that results in tanning.
- Phototoxicity protection, i.e. photoprotective in persons with Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
- Enhances libido
- Increases immunity by activating Treg cells and improving Th1/Th17 balance
- Reduces inflammation in chronic conditions such as ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and Crohn’s disease.
- Lowers appetite while improving lipid and glucose regulation
- Neuroprotective through reducing neuroinflammation after brain injury, brain ischemia, spinal cord damage, and increasing peripheral nerve regeneration ability in post-lesion healing.
- Potential usage in the misuse of alcohol and drugs, including opioids and cocaine (reward cascade supportive).
- Enhance cardiovascular benefits such as anti-inflammation, reperfusion, and blood pressure increase.[5][6]
What is the Potential Risks of Injecting Melanotan II(MT2)?
MT-II may bring some risks when we inject Melanotan II(MT2), it has been considered minimal and are normally only felt for a short period of time after administration, with the frequency and severity of symptoms being proportional to dosage.[7][8]
Following administration, the following short-term adverse effects may occur:
▪ Flushing of the face
▪ Appetite suppression, nausea, and vomiting
▪ Spontaneous erections (priapism) in males 1-5 hours after injection, associated with yawning and stretching complicated
There is some worry that melanotan II may raise the risk of:
▪ Melanoma is a potentially fatal type of skin cancer.
▪ Mole coloration changes, new moles, and atypical melanocytic naevi
▪ Melanonychia is a discoloration of one or more nails that ranges from brown to black.[9][10]
▪ Rhabdomyolysis is the potentially deadly breakdown of muscle cells.
▪ Syndrome of Encephalopathy
Concerns have also been raised about potential side effects caused by contamination or a lack of sterility if melanotan II is prepared incorrectly or needles are shared. In summary, if MT-II is properly dosed, it is a safe and well-tolerated compound that causes only minor symptoms that typically resolve shortly after administration.
Where to buy Peptide Melanotan II(MT2)?
Melanotan II(MT2) is a synthetic counterpart of -MSH (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone). It was created in the 1980s by researchers at the University of Arizona. The team worked on developing a peptide that is more effective than endogenous -melanocyte-stimulating hormone (-MSH) in stimulating melanin production, but later research revealed that Melanotan 2 is effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and female Arousal has significant benefits.
For now, there are many people find the peptide Melanotan II(MT2) and ready to inject it to improve the life. Of course, there are also some researchers who interested in studying Melanotan II may be also curious about where to buy this peptide Melanotan II online.
It is not difficult to buy Melanotan II online these days. While MT2 is available online from a variety of vendors, it is important to purchase only research-grade Melanotan II to ensure safe and worthwhile experimentation.Having tested multiple vendors, our preferred Melanotan II source is Polypeptide.Ltd. They consistently supply research-grade Melanotan II(MT2) at reasonable prices with decent shipping times.
But we need to notice: it is important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of MT2 use with a healthcare provider and to weigh the costs and benefits of treatment before making a decision. With more research and study, Melanotan II could become an even more promising treatment for people with more disease.[11][12]
Polypeptide Melanotan II, also known as Melanotan 2, MT2, MT-2, and MT-II, is a synthetic form of a naturally occurring peptide hormone that stimulates melanogenesis, the process that results in skin color. MSH, also known as alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, works by activating specific melanocortin receptors.Indeed, MSH influences lipid metabolism, hunger, and sexual drive via these melanocortin receptors. Melanotan 2 has thus been proven in studies to offer benefits other than boosting skin tanning, such as lowering hunger, encouraging lipolysis, and improving libido. Melanotan II, because of its ability to stimulate melanogenesis, has been extensively explored for use in avoiding the detrimental effects of UV radiation from sunshine.
As the best Melanotan II peptide manufacturer, Polypeptide.ltd is not only supply the peptide Melanotan II(MT2) in powder form but provide the customized standard easy use vial form. You can buy the best price MT2 and best quality peptide from this professional peptide manufacturer.
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It depends, different products with different policy, please check it with our customer service. Most of products can be accepted for sample.
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YES! Polypeptide.ltd as peptide manufacturer, provide colour customization of MT2, easy to help you to build your Melanotan II peptide brand.
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Is Melanotan II legal?
Melanotan II is a 7-amino acid synthetic peptide that, like many other research peptides, is only permitted for purchase, sale, and handling for research purposes. According to FDA restrictions, MT-II is not available as a medicinal product. As a result, MT-II cannot be sold for human consumption or for the treatment of any medical diseases in the United States, and similar restrictions apply in Europe.
Given the peptide treatments’ infancy, a minimum regulatory framework has been built, even within the legal peptide industry. This creates a difficult environment for the approval of peptide compounds for clinical trials and eventual distribution as medical goods.
Despite these obstacles, there is significant demand for peptide goods in the United States and many other nations across the world, with trends indicating increased future need.In response to the increased demand, the FDA has worked to develop rules for large-scale peptide manufacturing. These include stringent quality control standards for purity requirements, as well as a promise of improved transparency regarding peptide clinical pharmacology. The latter is designed to aid in the assessment of new peptide therapies in clinical trials.
Researchers are recommended to use caution and purchase materials from qualified vendors until these regulatory amendments are finalized. Most significantly, MT-II is totally legal as long as it is sourced from a qualified seller and handled by competent researchers.
How should Melanotan II often be taken?
Melanotan II (MT2) can be administered in the following ways:
Melanotan II injections: it is the most widely used and recommended mode of delivery. The MT2 solution is injected into the subcutaneous fat layer with a syringe, often in the belly, thigh, or buttock area. Before injecting, clean the injection site properly and use the right injection method as instructed by a healthcare expert.
MT2 Nasal Spray: Some providers provide MT2 as a nasal spray. You spray the MT2 solution into the nasal cavity with a spray bottle, allowing it to be absorbed through the nasal mucosa. This procedure is quite simple, but dose and absorption may differ.
How long do Melanotan 2 tanning injections last?
Melanotan II users should begin a maintenance phase of two injections per week after 2-3 weeks of daily treatment, or when the desired amount of pigmentation is obtained. When purchasing Melanotan 2 tanning injections, be in mind that the substance must be properly preserved. Unfortunately, if not stored properly, the components within it are quite unstable and will not be as effective when reconstituted.
Does Melanotan II help you gain muscle?
Although melanotan II has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in mice, which could theoretically improve muscle building, MT-II is unlikely to have a significant impact on muscle building because it has been found to be an appetite suppressant, which is counterproductive for muscle gain. MT-II is unlikely to have a major impact on muscle growth, either positively or negatively.
Does Melanotan II Increase Testosterone?
During clinical trials, Melanotan II was found to have no effect on testosterone. MT-II is not expected to raise testosterone since it binds to melanocortin receptors, which do not alter testosterone production.
How to reconstitute Peptide Melanotan 2 step by step, then use it?
The first step should be to unpack your MT2 kit. Here’s what you should have ready for the procedure:
- 1 vial (MT2)
- 1 sterile water vial
- 1 syringe
- 1 dab of disinfectant
Use the swabs to disinfect the surface of all vials after washing your hands.
Mix MT2
❶ Take the MT2 vial and remove the cap.
❷ Take out the disposable syringe.
❸ Remove the lid from the water vial.
❹ Pierce the needle through the water vial stopper and turn the syringe upside down. Pull the plunger back. After filling the vial with 1ml of sterile water, carefully remove the needle.
❺ Place it in the MT2 vial through the center of the cap. Aim the syringe’s needle towards the side of the vial and slowly depress the plunger to fill the vial with 1ml of water. Once the syringe is empty, gently remove it (some people find that adding another 0.25ml of water reduces the early negative effects)
You can slowly roll the vial between your fingers to ensure that the Melanotan 2 is mixed with water. Avoid shaking the vial to ensure that the solution is mixed properly.
Then let us use MT2 injection:
① Remove the combined MT2 vial. As you did while filling the vial with water, insert the needle through the grey cap center.
② Pull back on the plunger to fill the syringe with 0.1ml (about a tenth of a syringe) of the combined solution, then remove the needle.
③ Clean the shot site in your belly (a few centimetres away from the navel) with a swab.
④ Pinch / nip the fatty tissue and hold it to avoid injecting Melanotan 2 into your muscle.
⑤ Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle into the region you’re holding. Do not remove it until you have administered the entire 0.1ml of solution in the syringe
Melanotan 2 Peptide dosage calculator
What Is Melanotan 2 (MT-2)?
Melanotan 2 (MT-2) is a synthetic derivative of human alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It was initially developed in the 1980s at the University of Arizona when researchers discovered that α-MSH induced sexual arousal in rodents and caused skin darkening. Originally intended as a sunless tanning option, MT-2 was later found to have a wide range of effects, including:
- Increasing sexual arousal
- Promoting tanning or skin pigmentation
- Reducing compulsive behavior
- Controlling addiction
- Suppressing hunger
- Decreasing glucagon production
- Reversing certain features associated with autism.
These findings have sparked interest in exploring the potential applications of MT-2 in various areas. [1]
Melanotan 2 Peptide Structure
Peptide Sequence: Nle-Asp(1)-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys(1)
Molecular Formula: C50H69N15O9
Molecular Weight: 1024.198 g/mol
PubChem CID: 92432
CAS Number: 121062-08-6
Authoritative source：PubChem
Melanotan 2 Research
Melanotan 2 and Melanocortin Signaling
Melanotan 2 exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors known as melanocortin receptors. There are five identified melanocortin receptors, each serving different functions. MT-2 primarily binds to MC-4R and MC-1R, with weaker affinity for MC-3R.
- MC-1R: Found on melanocytes, stimulation of MC-1R leads to skin and hair darkening.
- MC-2R: Located in the adrenal glands, MC-2R activation promotes the secretion of adrenal hormones, including cortisol.
- MC-3R: MC-3R is involved in appetite control and energy regulation, although limited knowledge is available regarding this receptor’s functions.
- MC-4R: Stimulation of MC-4R induces changes in feeding and sexual behavior. It also influences male erectile function and energy homeostasis.
- MC-5R: MC-5R is expressed in sweat glands and pancreatic islet cells.
Understanding the specific interactions of Melanotan 2 with these receptors provides insights into its diverse physiological effects. [7]
Melanotan 2 and Autism
The latest research on MT-2 has uncovered a significant finding regarding its potential in addressing certain characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a widely used mouse model. Currently, there is no known cure for ASD, but recent studies have suggested that oxytocin therapy might help alleviate some of the behavioral challenges associated with the disorder. In this context, researchers explored the effects of MT-2, which is known to stimulate oxytocin release, on counteracting ASD or reducing common ASD-related behaviors using a mouse model of maternal immune activation known to induce autism.
The study revealed that the administration of MT-2 effectively reversed the reduced communication, impaired social interaction, and repetitive behaviors associated with autism in this particular model. Interestingly, the researchers also observed that MT-2 administration increased the expression of oxytocin receptors in specific regions of the brain. This finding indicates a direct correlation between oxytocin signaling in those areas and the manifestation of ASD-specific behaviors.
These findings offer promising insights into the potential use of MT-2 as a means to address certain aspects of autism and enhance our understanding of the role of oxytocin in ASD-related behaviors. [2]
Impact of MT-2 on sociability in rats with ASD (MIA) showing that MT-2 returns sociability ratings to near the baseline of control animals (C57).
Authoritative source：PubMed
These findings indicate that MT-2 could potentially serve as an effective treatment for alcohol-related disorders, while also shedding light on a fundamental process of craving and desire in the mammalian brain. This research has the potential to provide insights not only into alcohol abuse and hunger, but also into the role of oxytocin in impulsive behavior. Furthermore, it may assist researchers in identifying craving pathways and advancing our comprehension of human motivation across various aspects of life, including work and relationships.
Melanotan 2 and Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is often attributed to vascular issues and can be effectively treated in the majority of men with medications such as sildenafil (Viagra) that improve blood flow by reducing vascular resistance. However, not all cases of ED are solely caused by vascular issues, making drugs like sildenafil ineffective in a small percentage of men and the majority of women who suffer from hypoactive sexual desire disorder. While it has been known for some time that MT-2 is an effective treatment for ED, research suggests that its actions in the central nervous system give it a broader range of applications compared to drugs like sildenafil. In a study involving men who had not responded to Viagra treatment, eighty percent showed a positive response to MT-2 treatment. MT-2 has been actively investigated as a potential treatment for both male and female sexual desire disorders.[4]
Melanotan 2 Impacts Wakefulness
Our understanding of sleep and arousal is still limited, as the regulation of consciousness is a complex aspect of higher brain function. However, research has revealed that various populations of neurons in the brain play crucial roles in different aspects of arousal, including sleep onset, depth of consciousness, and sleep duration. One specific brain region involved in regulating arousal in response to stress, social interaction, feeding, and other cues is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.[5][6]
Studies conducted on mice have shown that stimulation with melanotan 2 can increase arousal by interacting with neuronal fibers in the paraventricular nucleus. Interestingly, this pathway’s stimulation can lead to an immediate transition from both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to wakefulness. Further research in this field may uncover insights on improving sleep quality and enhancing concentration through modulation of the melanocortin system. This knowledge opens up the possibility of peptides like melanotan 2 being explored as potential nootropics.[7]
Melanotan 2 and Alzheimer’s Disease
Previous studies have demonstrated that the activation of neuropeptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) can rescue synaptic dysfunction caused by neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. Melanocortin receptors can activate POMC-derived neuropeptides, prompting researchers to investigate the potential utility of melanotan 2 in this context using mouse models. The results of this research indicated that melanotan 2 significantly reduces amyloid accumulation and prominently decreases the presence of the A1 subtype of reactive astrocytes. This is noteworthy because A1 astrocytes are believed to play a key role in neurotoxicity and neuronal death in Alzheimer’s Disease. These findings suggest that activating melanocortin receptors may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for treating Alzheimer’s Disease. Furthermore, this represents a novel avenue for exploring treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease and may also offer a means of mitigating neurotoxicity in other degenerative brain disorders.
MT-2 Research
MT-2 has been extensively studied as a peptide, particularly in relation to human behavior, sexual desire, and impulse control. Clinical trials have been conducted with different forms of the peptide; however, challenges with administration routes have prompted scientists to reassess their approach. Active and ongoing research is being conducted to explore the potential benefits of this specific peptide.
MT-2 has shown to have minimal to moderate side effects and exhibits low oral bioavailability but excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. It is important to note that dosage per kilogram in mice does not directly translate to humans. At Peptide Sciences, the sale of MT-2 is restricted to educational and scientific research purposes only, and it is not intended for human consumption. It is advised to purchase MT-2 only if you are a licensed researcher.
Referenced Citations
[1] E. Minakova et al., “Melanotan-II reverses autistic features in a maternal immune activation mouse model of autism,” PLoS ONE, vol. 14, no. 1, Jan. 2019.
[2] A. van der Klaauw et al., “Role of melanocortin signaling in the preference for dietary macronutrients in human beings,” Lancet Lond. Engl., vol. 385 Suppl 1, p. S12, Feb. 2015.
[3] H. Shimizu, K. Inoue, and M. Mori, “The leptin-dependent and -independent melanocortin signaling system: regulation of feeding and energy expenditure,” J. Endocrinol., vol. 193, no. 1, pp. 1–9, Apr. 2007.
[4] C. Bjørbaek and A. N. Hollenberg, “Leptin and melanocortin signaling in the hypothalamus,” Vitam. Horm., vol. 65, pp. 281–311, 2002.
[5] F. Guo, K. Bakal, Y. Minokoshi, and A. N. Hollenberg, “Leptin Signaling Targets the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Promoter in Vivo,” Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 2221–2227, May 2004.
[6] Y. H. Lee, M.-Y. Wang, X.-X. Yu, and R. H. Unger, “Glucagon is the key factor in the development of diabetes,” Diabetologia, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1372–1375, 2016.
[7] C. Toda et al., “Distinct effects of leptin and a melanocortin receptor agonist injected into medial hypothalamic nuclei on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues,” Diabetes, vol. 58, no. 12, pp. 2757–2765, Dec. 2009. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6497767/
Referenced Citations
[1] Wessells H, Levine N, Hadley ME, Dorr R, Hruby V. Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II. Int J Impot Res. 2000 Oct;12 Suppl 4:S74-9. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900582. PMID: 11035391.
[2] Hadley, M. E., & Dorr, R. T. (2006). Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization. Peptides, 27(4), 921–930.
[3] M. M. Sirufo, L. M. Magnanimi, L. Ginaldi, and M. De Martinis, “Anorexia nervosa and autoimmune comorbidities: A bidirectional route?,” CNS Neurosci. Ther., vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 1921–1929, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1111/cns.13953.
[4] Li G, Zhang Y, Wilsey JT, Scarpace PJ. Unabated anorexic and enhanced thermogenic responses to melanotan II in diet-induced obese rats despite reduced melanocortin 3 and 4 receptor expression. J Endocrinol. 2004 Jul;182(1):123-32. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1820123. PMID: 15225137.
[5] Olney JJ, Sprow GM, Navarro M, Thiele TE. The protective effects of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, melanotan-II (MTII), against binge-like ethanol drinking are facilitated by deletion of the MC3 receptor in mice. Neuropeptides. 2014;48(1):47-51. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2013.11.001.
[6] Hjuler, K. F., & Lorentzen, H. F. (2014). Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan-II. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 228(1), 34–36.
[7] J. K. van den Heuvel et al., “Inhibitory Effect of the Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Melanotan-II (MTII) on Feeding Depends on Dietary Fat Content and not Obesity in Rats on Free-Choice Diets,” Front. Behav. Neurosci., vol. 9, p. 358, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00358.
[8] Zhang Y, Collazo R, Gao Y, Li G, Scarpace PJ. Intermittent MTII application evokes repeated anorexia and robust fat and weight loss. Peptides. 2010;31(4):639-643. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.019.
[9] Han D, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Yu P, Zhang R, Li S, Tao B, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Xu M, Gao E, Cao F. Activation of melatonin receptor 2 but not melatonin receptor 1 mediates melatonin-conferred cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Pineal Res. 2019 Aug;67(1):e12571. doi: 10.1111/jpi.12571. Epub 2019 Apr 12. PMID: 30903623.
[10] Wang W, Guo DY, Lin YJ, Tao YX. Melanocortin Regulation of Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:683. Published 2019 Oct 9. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00683.
[11]ANDAs for Certain Highly Purified Synthetic Peptide Drug Products That Refer to Listed Drugs of rDNA Origin (2021).
[12]Krashes, M. J., Lowell, B://. B., & Garfield, A. S. (2016). Melanocortin-4 receptor-regulated energy homeostasis. Nature neuroscience, 19(2), 206–219.
Author of this article:
Dr. Jean Zeng graduated from king’s college london Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine.
Scientific Journal paper Author:
- Mariël P Ter Laak
Department of Medical Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Joakim Riikonen
Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Ryouichi Banno
Department of Metabolic Diseases, Field of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
- Hiroshi Arima
Department of Metabolic Diseases, Field of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
In no way does this doctor/scientist endorse or advocate the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. Polypeptide.ltd has no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, with this physician. The purpose of citing this doctor is to acknowledge, acknowledge and commend the exhaustive research and development work done by the scientists working on this peptide.
Author of this article:
Dr. Jean Zeng graduated from king's college london Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine.
Scientific Journal paper Author:
Stephen C. Bain
Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
In no way does this doctor/scientist endorse or advocate the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. Polypeptide.ltd has no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, with this physician. The purpose of citing this doctor is to acknowledge, acknowledge and commend the exhaustive research and development work done by the scientists working on this peptide.
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